It’s easier to see this in a present-day context. For example, being Asian has absolutely no bearing on your ability to perform a job; rather, your education and work experience as well as personal ability will dictate how well you perform a job. However, applicants regularly experience discrimination in the hiring process if their names are considered unusual.
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So a guy who puts his name on his application as Wang Xiu will be less likely to get an interview than exactly the same person, submitting a second application, putting his name down as Walter. Whether those arguments come from two different groups or the same group, I believe that you are missing the nuance that would validate either, or both, claims.